精選百科
本文由作者推薦
基本信息
| 外文名 | Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus |
| 出生日期 | 約61年 |
| 國籍 | 羅馬帝國 |
| 出生地 | 意大利 考摩 |
| 中文名 | 小普林尼 |
| 原名 | 蓋尤斯·普林尼·采西利尤斯·塞孔都栯 |
收起
個人經(jīng)歷
小普林尼可能于62年出生于當代意大利的考摩（當時的名稱為Novum Comum），他的母親是著名的學者和作家老普林尼的妹妹。他本來姓西羅，他父親死后，他的舅舅老普林尼按照他父親的遺愿將他領為養(yǎng)子，因此他獲得了普林尼這個姓。此后他在羅馬市讀書。小普林尼18歲時就已經(jīng)在法庭演講、辯論，此時他與他的第一位夫人結婚，但是他的前兩位夫人的姓名都沒流傳下來。他在公元100年娶的第三位夫人的名字（卡爾普尼亞）在一封信中流傳下來了。19歲時小普林尼成為被提升為羅馬皇帝提圖斯的祭祀。他按照羅馬貴族官僚生涯先后成為敘利亞的軍團校官（82年）、財務官、副執(zhí)政（ 93年 / 94年）和執(zhí)政官（100年）。他也經(jīng)常處理財政問題，在這方面有一些經(jīng)驗，比如98年他負責管理國庫。最后他被任命為羅馬比提尼亞-潘圖斯?。ㄊ峥嗣赖蟻啠敶炼湟疗澝滋兀┑氖￠L。公元113年小普林尼可能死于當?shù)兀蛘咴谒氐郊亦l(xiāng)后不久去世。
個人著作
小普林尼最著名的是他的書信。他一共收集和發(fā)表了10卷，369封信。其中前9卷包括248封信，這248封信是寫給105個不同的收信人的，其中包括朋友、熟人和當時的知名人士。這些信都在普林尼赴比提尼亞前發(fā)表的。第十卷包括他與圖拉真之間的書信往來（共12封信，其中包括圖拉真的回信）。在這些信中小普林尼也探討了如何對待基督教的問題。在給塔西佗的信中普林尼描述了使他的叔叔和導師老普林尼喪生的那場維蘇威火山的爆發(fā)。小普林尼在發(fā)表他的書信時特別注意保持書信的格式（包括收信人、發(fā)信人、稱呼等等格式）。在每封信中他都會討論一個問題。他的書信涉及到羅馬上層社會幾乎所有的生活問題。雖然這些書信是經(jīng)過加工后發(fā)表的，而且其詮言風格“一般”，但是他為后人提供了當時羅馬社會、生活和政治的詳細的描述。比如他描述了個人的事務、報道、政治、對他的莊園的描寫、對風景的描寫、教育問題等等。只有第十卷中的書信是按照其發(fā)送時間排列的。
Pliny the Younger or Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (62-c.115): Roman senator, nephew of Pliny the Elder, governor of Bithynia-Pontus (109-111), author of a famous collection of letters.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.
Pliny the Elder
(Caius Plinius Secundus) (pl′n) (KEY) , c.A.D. 23–A.D. 79, Roman naturalist, b. Cisalpine Gaul. He was a friend and fellow soldier of Vespasian, and he dedicated his great work to Titus. He died of asphyxiation in the neighborhood of Vesuvius, having gone to investigate the eruption. His one surviving work is an encyclopedia of natural science (Historia naturalis). It is divided into 37 books and, after a preface, deals with the nature of the physical universe; geography; anthropology; zoology; botany, including the medicinal uses of plants; curatives derived from the animal world; and mineralogy, including an account of the uses of pigments and a history of the fine arts. Pliny’s industry was immense and his knowledge of sources extensive, but his information is mostly secondhand and quite useless as science. 1
See Selections from the History of the World, ed. by P. Turner (1962). 2
His nephew and ward, Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), A.D. 62?–c.A.D. 113, was an orator and a statesman. He was quaestor (A.D. 89), tribune (A.D. 91), and praetor (A.D. 93) and subsequently held treasury posts. He was consul (A.D. 100) and died in his proconsular province of Pontus-Bithynia. His fame rests on his letters, written probably for publication, which are an excellent mirror of Roman life. 3
See his Letters and Panegyricus, tr. by B. Radice (2 vol., 1969); studies by S. E. Stout (1954) and A. N. Sherwin-White (1966). 4
小普利尼對基督教的政策以及背景原因
一世紀到約249AD時，羅馬政府并不區(qū)分基督徒和猶太人（例如徒18：14-15）。但因基督教的傳播，不少地方常引起來自猶太人或外邦人的擾亂（例如徒19：23-41）。克勞狄烏斯年間，在羅馬城因基督而引起的攪動，曾導致克勞狄烏斯命猶太人都離開羅馬（參徒18：2）。
在羅馬皇帝尼祿(Nero)的時候，形勢發(fā)生了變化。公元64年，當他在位時，羅馬城發(fā)生一場大火，燒了六天六夜，全城絕大部份焚為灰燼。謠言傳出，放火者是尼祿王本人，于是引起羅馬人對皇帝的憤慨；為了轉移百姓的怒恨，尼祿便嫁禍于人，將焚城巨禍歸咎于基督徒。雖然這是捏造的控告，卻有無數(shù)基督徒被捉，遭到殘酷的逼迫。據(jù)說，使徒彼得與保羅都在尼祿逼迫期間相繼于羅馬殉道。相傳彼得是倒釘十架而死，在行刑前，他要求將十架倒置，因為他認為自己不配與他的主以同樣方式去世。身為羅馬公民的保羅，則被砍頭而死。這時期對基督徒的殘殺，只局限于羅馬城，還沒有擴展成全國性的大逼迫。公元95年，暴君多米提安再次逼迫基督徒，老約翰在此時被流放到拔摩海島上，寫下了啟示錄。
約公元112年左右。當時小亞細亞巡撫小普林尼(Pliny the Younger)寫了一封信給羅馬皇帝圖拉真(Trajan)，提到他對基督徒的政策：任何被控為基督徒的，我便審問他們是否真是基督徒，若他們承認，我便以刑罰警嚇他們，并再次審問，假若他們堅持承認自己是基督徒，我便下令將他們處決。圖拉真回復指出他在處理被控訴為基督徒的案件時做得非常正確。圖拉真也指出：政府不用積極地搜捕基督徒，但卻維持一貫嚴懲基督徒的原則，凡接到舉報某人是基督徒，便徹底調查，要求那人放棄信仰，并向羅馬的神奠酒獻祭，以示清白，要不然便將他處決。在圖拉真的統(tǒng)治下，安提阿主教伊格那丟(Ignatius, ca. 35-110 AD)被解赴羅馬喂獅子。
小普林尼致圖拉真的信以及圖拉真的回信
Pliny's Epistle To Trajan About 112 CE
Sir,
It is my constant method to apply myself to you for the resolution of all my doubts; for who can better govern my dilatory way of proceeding or instruct my ignorance? I have never been present at the examination of the Christians [by others], on which account I am unacquainted with what uses to be inquired into, and what, and how far they used to be punished; nor are my doubts small, whether there be not a distinction to be made between the ages [of the accused]? and whether tender youth ought to have the same punishment with strong men? Whether there be not room for pardon upon repentance?" or whether it may not be an advantage to one that had been a Christian, that he has forsaken Christianity? Whether the bare name, without any crimes besides, or the crimes adhering to that name, be to be punished? In the meantime, I have taken this course about those who have been brought before me as Christians. I asked them whether they were Christians or not? If they confessed that they were Christians, I asked them again, and a third time, intermixing threatenings with the questions. If they persevered in their confession, I ordered them to be executed; for I did not doubt but, let their confession be of any sort whatsoever, this positiveness and inflexible obstinacy deserved to be punished. There have been some of this mad sect whom I took notice of in particular as Roman citizens, that they might be sent to that city. After some time, as is usual in such examinations, the crime spread itself and many more cases came before me. A libel was sent to me, though without an author, containing many names [of persons accused]. These denied that they were Christians now, or ever had been.They called upon the gods, and supplicated to your image, which I caused to be brought to me for that purpose, with frankincense and wine; they also cursed Christ; none of which things, it is said, can any of those that are ready Christians be compelled to do; so I thought fit to let them go. Others of them that were named in the libel, said they were Christians, but presently denied it again; that indeed they had been Christians, but had ceased to be so, some three years, some many more; and one there was that said he had not been so these twenty years. All these worshipped your image, and the images of our gods; these also cursed Christ. However, they assured me that the main of their fault, or of their mistake was this:-That they were wont, on a stated day, to meet together before it was light, and to sing a hymn to Christ, as to a god, alternately; and to oblige themselves by a sacrament [or oath], not to do anything that was ill: but that they would commit no theft, or pilfering, or adultery; that they would not break their promises, or deny what was deposited with them, when it was required back again; after which it was their custom to depart, and to meet again at a common but innocent meal, which they had left off upon that edict which I published at your command, and wherein I had forbidden any such conventicles. These examinations made me think it necessary to inquire by torments what the truth was; which I did of two servant maids, who were called Deaconesses: but still I discovered no more than that they were addicted to a bad and to an extravagant superstition. Hereupon I have put off any further examinations, and have recourse to you, for the affair seems to be well worth consultation, especially on account of the number of those that are in danger; for there are many of every age, of every rank, and of both sexes, who are now and hereafter likely to be called to account, and to be in danger; for this superstition is spread like a contagion, not only into cities and towns, but into country villages also, which yet there is reason to hope may be stopped and corrected. To be sure, the temples, which were almost forsaken, begin already to be frequented; and the holy solemnities, which were long intermitted, begin to be revived. The sacrifices begin to sell well everywhere, of which very few purchasers had of late appeared; whereby it is easy to suppose how great a multitude of men may be amended, if place for repentance be admitted.
TRAJAN'S EPISTLE TO PLINY
My Pliny,
You have taken the method which you ought inexamining the causes of those that had been accused as Christians, for indeed no certain and general form of judging can be ordained in this case. These people are not to be sought for; but if they be accused and convicted, they are to be punished; but with this caution, that he who denies himself to be a Christian, and makes it plain that he is not so by supplicating to our gods, although he had been so formerly, may be allowed pardon, upon his repentance. As for libels sent without an author, they ought to have no place in any accusation whatsoever, for that would be a thing of very ill example, and not agreeable to my reign.
鹽野七生對小普林尼看法
生卒
生于尼祿放火前2年，死于圖拉真之前2年（115），如果按他是113年去世的話，那就是圖拉真之前4年。
可愛的印象
關于小普林尼，在我未閱讀過任何他的作品之前，我總覺得他是個很可愛的人，但這種“可愛”的印象從何而來就不得而知了，或許是我覺得普林尼這個姓念起來很好聽，所以覺得小普林尼很可愛吧。
最初印象
關于普林尼的最初印象，大約是來自關于維蘇威火山的科普讀物，知道老普林尼就是為了近距離觀察而死于這場災難。如今我知道，那時候小普林尼17歲，親眼目睹了火山爆發(fā)并寫信告訴他的朋友塔西佗。老普林尼的“超”自然史實在是太宏大…………總之兩個普林尼都太有名了。
早熟少年
小普林尼很小的時候父親就去世了，他被舅父（老普林尼生于公元23年，死于79年的維蘇威火山噴發(fā)，死的時候也不算老，他本可以寫更多著作的…………）老普林尼收養(yǎng)，并繼承了老普林尼的名字。老普林尼長年任職在外，他為小普林尼，他的養(yǎng)子和繼承人，指定了很好的監(jiān)護人，Verginius Rufus，而這又使得許多文人前來拜訪并與之為友，其中許多人成了年幼的小普林尼的老師。最著名的，小普林尼的拉丁文和演說術的教師，昆提良，雖然我沒有讀過他的著作，但是至少我知道他是多么的偉大和有影響力，由此可以想象小普林尼的拉丁文寫得有多好。（塔西佗也可能曾是昆提良的弟子，天哪…………）
小普林尼從他的父親和養(yǎng)父那里繼承了不少的財產(chǎn)，他的才華毋庸置疑，而他的仕途看來也是一帆風順的，他擔任過一長串顯赫的官職：財務官，地方長官，護民官，執(zhí)政官，地方總督，他和幾任皇帝的私人關系都相當好，他有許多著名和不著名的朋友，塔西佗，蘇埃托尼烏斯，馬提雅爾（寫過很多諷刺詩），等等。我會想象他是優(yōu)雅又親切的人，在他風景優(yōu)美的別墅庭院里散步，手中拿著一卷書，或是和朋友們談論，只是不知道象柏拉圖和西塞羅所描寫過的那種師長和弟子，朋友與朋友之間無拘無束的談話的場景那時候還會不會有，或是在他的圖書室里看書和寫作。他的一生太過順利，他總能得到皇帝的重視和人們的喜愛（想想涅爾瓦之前的那幾個皇帝都是什么性格吧…………），無論如何從從政的角度上說，小普林尼是不可謂不成功的。
小普林尼的文風和個人性格，相信等我看過了他的書信集之后會更有體會的。
摘一段
普林尼別墅上的銘文
看看他的政治生涯…………
Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, son of Lucius, of the Oufentine tribe; consul; augur; legatus Augusti pro praetore consulari potestate for the province of Pontus and Bithynia, sent to that province in accordance with the Senate's decree by the emperor Nerva Trajan Augustus Germanicus Dacicus, the father of his country; curator of the bed and banks of the Tiber and sewers of Rome; prefect of the treasury of Saturn; prefect of the military treasury; praetor; tribune of the people; quaestor of the emperor; commissioner of the Roman knights; tribune of the Third Gallic legion; magistrate on the Board of Ten;
這里敘述他的官職并非完全依照時間順序，大約是為了寫出來好看或是念出來好聽吧，他成為那個“十人團”（the Board of Ten，不知道是不是這么翻譯，看資料上說是個高級法庭的團體）之一的時候才20歲，而他最后擔任的官職顯然是本都和比提尼亞總督。
小普林尼并非生于元老家庭，他的父親和叔父都還不過是騎士階級，而他本人卻在很年輕的時候就成了元老（28歲），后來又做了執(zhí)政官（38歲），他的事業(yè)，他的政治生涯，的確是可以讓他的父親和叔父感到滿意了。
小普林尼相關的文章
國家二級心理咨詢師是心理咨詢師等級職稱的一種，心理咨詢師職業(yè)資格鑒定分三個等級：心理咨詢員（國家職業(yè)資格三級），心理咨詢師（國家職業(yè)資格二級），最高級為國家二級。人社部于2017年取消此職業(yè)資格考試，此前獲得的證書可作為專業(yè)技能培訓證明。
謝赫·艾哈邁德·亞辛（Ahmed Yassin），男，1937年生于加沙，巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭抵抗運動組織（哈馬斯）創(chuàng)始人和精神領袖，畢業(yè)于愛資哈爾大學。
cairoCairo是一個2D圖形庫，支持多種輸出設備?；拘畔⑼馕拿鹀airo主要優(yōu)點方便頁面的再次利用目的同時能利用硬件加速器作用支持多種輸出設備詳細介紹目前支持的輸出目標包括XWindow，Quartz，Win32，image.buffers，PostS
馬克·安東尼（Mark Antony）是古羅馬政治家和軍事家，全名馬爾庫斯·安東尼斯·馬西·費尤斯·馬西·尼波斯（Marcus Antonius Marci Filius Marci Nepos），約前83年1月14日出生于羅馬。他是蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒最重要的軍隊指揮官和管理人員之一。凱撒被刺后
武威郡，古稱涼州、雍州、雍涼、姑臧、休屠、西州，西北首府、六朝古都。意為彰顯大漢帝國的武功軍威到達祁連山的雍涼之地，西漢元狩二年（前121年）置，今甘肅省武威市，隸屬涼州刺史部，治所姑臧（今甘肅省武威市涼州區(qū)）。西漢元狩二年（前121年），西漢政府為顯示大漢帝國的武功軍威，在西北地區(qū)原休屠王領地置武
科幻文學鄭軍創(chuàng)作的科幻小說《科幻文學》是鄭軍創(chuàng)作的一部科幻小說?！翱苹眯≌f是20世紀很奇怪的一種文類，對于定義特別具有自覺性。雖然其他的人不見得這么敏感，但科幻小說的作者對如何定義它們特別具有意識?！氨緯ㄟ^文學的手法闡述科幻小說的寫作手法，帶領讀者走進科幻世界。
尚可名片
這家伙太懶了，什么都沒寫！
作者
